Ad hoc networks are advantageous in emergencies such as natural disasters or military conflicts due to their minimal configuration requirements and rapid deployment capabilities. Dynamic and adaptive routing protocols facilitate the easy formation of ad hoc networks, enhancing their suitability for such situations. These networks possess scalability, fault tolerance, and autonomy, enabling them to operate effectively even without a trusted central authority. Traditionally, ad hoc networks assume nodes are equipped with omnidirectional antennas, providing 360-degree coverage by broadcasting signals in all horizontal directions [1]. However, this approach results in significant energy wastage, as only a small fraction of the transmitted energy reaches the intended recipient. Smart antennas offer several advantages over omnidirectional antennas. By directing energy toward specific directions, smart antennas reduce transmitter energy usage [2]. This directional transmission enhances spatial reuse, network capacity, and antenna gains, leading to substantial improvements in saturation efficiency. Moreover, directional networks benefit from an extended transmission range, as energy is concentrated in a single direction rather than dispersed in all directions. This allows for shorter hop counts and equivalent power consumption compared to omnidirectional networks. Additionally, directional MAC protocols enhance resistance to interference and jamming, further enhancing network reliability in challenging environments [3].
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